MPEG Toolkit/MPEG Toolkit.iso/dos/layer3/info.txt

Text File | 1997-01-01 | 23.4 KB | 596 lines

INFO.TXT for MPEG Audio Layer-3 Shareware Code

Version 1.44 - 26.4.94

This text is organized as a kind of Mini- FAQ (Frequently Asked
Questions). It covers several topics:

1. ISO-MPEG Standard
2. MPEG Audio Codec Family ("Layer 1, 2, 3")
3. Layer-3 Products

For further comments and questions regarding Layer-3,
please contact:

[e-mail]

or

Fraunhofer-IIS, Erlangen, Germany, Fax: [phone]

For further infos about MPEG, you may also like to contact:

[e-mail]


1. ISO-MPEG Standard


Q: What is MPEG, exactly?

A: MPEG is the "Moving Picture Experts Group", working under the
   joint direction of the International Standards Organization (ISO)
   and the International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). This
   group works on standards for the coding of moving pictures and
   associated audio.


Q: What is the status of MPEG's work, then? What about MPEG-1, -2,
   and so on?

A: MPEG approaches the growing need for multimedia standards step-by-
   step. Today, three "phases" are defined:

   MPEG-1: "Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio for
           Digital Storage Media at up to about 1.5 MBit/s"

   Status: International Standard IS-11172, completed in 10.92

   MPEG-2: "Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio"

   Status: Comittee Draft CD 13818 as found in documents MPEG93 /
           N601, N602, N603 (11.93)

   MPEG-3: does no longer exist (has been merged into MPEG-2)

   MPEG-4: "Very Low Bitrate Audio-Visual Coding"

   Status: Call for Proposals 11.94, Working Draft in 11.96


Q: MPEG-1 is ready-for-use. How does the standard look like?

A: MPEG-1 consists of 4 parts:

   IS 11172-1: System
   describes synchronization and multiplexing of video and audio

   IS 11172-2: Video
   describes compression of non-interlaced video signals

   IS 11172-3: Audio
   describes compression of audio signals

   CD 11172-4: Compliance Testing
   describes procedures for determining the characteristics of coded
   bitstreams and the decoding porcess and for testing compliance
   with the requirements stated in the other parts


Q: How do I get the MPEG documents?

A: You may order it from your national standards body.
   E.g., in Germany, please contact:
   DIN-Beuth Verlag, Auslandsnormen
   Mrs. Niehoff, Burggrafenstr. 6, D-10772 Berlin, Germany
   Phone: [phone], Fax: [phone]


2. MPEG Audio Codec Family ("Layer 1, 2, 3")


Q: Talking about MPEG audio coding, I heard a lot about "Layer 1, 2
   and 3". What does it mean, exactly?

A: MPEG-1, IS 11172-3, describes the compression of audio signals
   using high performance perceptual coding schemes. It specifies a
   family of three audio coding schemes, simply called Layer-1,-2,-3,
   with increasing encoder complexity and performance (sound quality
   per bitrate). The three codecs are compatible in a hierarchical
   way, i.e. a Layer-N decoder is able to decode bitstream data
   encoded in Layer-N and all Layers below N (e.g., a Layer-3
   decoder may accept Layer-1,-2 and -3, whereas a Layer-2 decoder
   may accept only Layer-1 and -2.)


Q: So we have a family of three audio coding schemes. What does the
   MPEG standard define, exactly?

A: For each Layer, the standard specifies the bitstream format and
   the decoder. To allow for future improvements, it does *not*
   specify the encoder, but an informative chapter gives an example
   for an encoder for each Layer.


Q: What have the three audio Layers in common?

A: All Layers use the same basic structure. The coding scheme can be
   described as "perceptual noise shaping" or "perceptual subband /
   transform coding".

   The encoder analyzes the spectral components of the audio signal
   by calculating a filterbank or transform and applies a
   psychoacoustic model to estimate the just noticeable noise-
   level. In its quantization and coding stage, the encoder tries
   to allocate the available number of data bits in a way to meet
   both the bitrate and masking requirements.

   The decoder is much less complex. Its only task is to synthesize
   an audio signal out of the coded spectral components.

   All Layers use the same analysis filterbank (polyphase with 32
   subbands). Layer-3 adds a MDCT transform to increase the frequency
   resolution.

   All Layers use the same "header information" in their bitstream,
   to support the hierarchical structure of the standard.

   All Layers use a bitstream structure that contains parts that are
   more sensitive to biterrors ("header", "bit allocation",
   "scalefactors", "side information") and parts that are less
   sensitive ("data of spectral components").

   All Layers may use 32, 44.1 or 48 kHz sampling frequency.

   All Layers are allowed to work with similar bitrates:
   Layer-1: from 32 kbps to 448 kbps
   Layer-2: from 32 kbps to 384 kbps
   Layer-3: from 32 kbps to 320 kbps


Q: What are the main differences between the three Layers, from a
   global view?

A: From Layer-1 to Layer-3,
   complexity increases (mainly true for the encoder),
   overall codec delay increases, and
   performance increases (sound quality per bitrate).


Q: Which Layer should I use for my application?

A: Good Question. Of course, it depends on all your requirements. But
   as a first approach, you should consider the available bitrate of
   your application as the Layers have been designed to support
   certain areas of bitrates most efficiently, i.e. with a minimum
   drop of sound quality.

   Let us look a little closer at the strong domains of each Layer.
   The ISO target bitrates indicate the main areas of optimization
   for each Layer.

   Layer-1: Its original ISO target bitrate was 192 kbps per audio
   channel.

   Layer-1 is a simplified version of Layer-2. It is most useful for
   bitrates around the "high" bitrates around or above 192 kbps. A
   version of Layer-1 is used as "PASC" with the DCC recorder.

   Layer-2: Its original ISO target bitrate was 128 kbps per audio
   channel.

   Layer-2 is identical with MUSICAM. It has been designed as trade-
   off between sound quality per bitrate and encoder complexity. It
   is most useful for bitrates around the "medium" bitrates of 128 or
   even 96 kbps per audio channel. The DAB (EU 147) proponents have
   decided to use Layer-2 in the future Digital Audio Broadcasting
   network.

   Layer-3: Its original ISO target bitrate was 64 kbps per audio
   channel.

   Layer-3 merges the best ideas of MUSICAM and ASPEC. It has been
   designed for best performance at "low" bitrates around 64 kbps or
   even below. The Layer-3 format specifies a set of advanced features
   that all address one goal: to preserve as much sound quality as
   possible even at rather low bitrates. Today, Layer-3 is already in
   use in various telecommunication networks (ISDN, satellite links,
   and so on) and speech announcement systems.


Q: So you tell me to consider Layer-3 for my low bitrate
   applications. I have seen equipment working with Layer-2 for low
   bitrates, too. Why should I worry about Layer-3, then?

A: As I told you before, all Layers may be used for low bitrates. So
   you may also apply Layer-2 for low bitrates (e.g. 64 kbps per
   channel). But be careful!

   Using Layer-3 for low bitrates means:

   - unrivalled sound quality at 64 kbps per channel or below
   - useful for mono as well as for stereo signals
   - full audio bandwidth at 64 or 56 kbps

   Furthermore, if you are willing to accept some limitations,
   with Layer-3 you can get the same performance as with Layer-2,
   but at a lower bitrate.


Q: Tell me more about sound quality. How do you assess that?

A: Today, there is no alternative to expensive listening tests.
   During the ISO-MPEG-1 process, 3 international listening tests
   have been performed, with a lot of trained listeners, supervised
   by Swedish Radio. They took place in 7.90, 3.91 and 11.91. Another
   international listening test was performed by CCIR, now ITU-R, in
   92.

   All these tests used the "triple stimulus, hidden reference"
   method and the CCIR impairment scale to assess the audio quality.
   The listening sequence is "ABC", with A = original, BC = pair of
   original / coded signal with random sequence, and the listener has
   to evaluate both B and C with a number between 1.0 and 5.0. The
   meaning of these values is:

   5.0 = transparent (this should be the original signal)
   4.0 = perceptible, but not annoying (first differences noticable)
   3.0 = slightly annoying
   2.0 = annoying
   1.0 = very annoying

   With perceptual codecs (like MPEG audio), all traditional
   parameters (like SNR, THD+N, bandwidth) are especially useless.
   Fraunhofer-IIS works on objective quality assessment tools, like
   the NMR meter (Noise-to-Mask-Ratio), too. BTW: If you need more
   informations about NMR, please contact [e-mail].


Q: Now that I know how to assess quality, come on, tell me the
   results of these tests.

A: Well, for details you should study one of those AES papers listed
   below. The main result is that for low bitrates (64 kbps per
   channel), Layer-2 scored always between 2.1 and 2.6, whereas
   Layer-3 scored between 3.6 and 3.8.

   This is a significant increase in sound quality, indeed!
   Furthermore, the selection process for critical sound material
   showed that it was rather difficult to find worst-case material
   for Layer-3 whereas it was not so hard to find such items for
   Layer-2.


Q. Someone claimed that some international working group on audio
   coding (TG10?) has concluded and that there was some trouble with
   Layer 3, specifically on male voice in the German language. Is
   that correct?

A. One moment, please. The former CCIR has changed its name into ITU-
   Radiocommunication. In 1992, they founded a test group called TG10-
   2 with the task to prepare the draft for a new recommendation for
   the use of low bitrate audio coding in digital sound broadcasting
   applications.

   This test group concluded its work in 10.93. The draft
   recommendation defines three fields of broadcast applications:

   a) distribution and contribution links
   (20 kHz bandwidth, no audible impairments with up to 5 cascaded
   codecs)

   Recommendation: Layer-2 with 180 kbps per channel (mono or
   one independently coded channel of a stereo-signal); for a single
   distribution link without cascading, Layer-2 with 120 kbps per
   channel

   b) emission
   (20 kHz bandwidth)

   Recommendation: Layer-2 with 128 kbps per channel (mono or
   one independently coded channel of a stereo-signal)

   c) commentary links
   (15 kHz bandwidth)

   Recommendation: Layer-3 with 60 kbps for monophonic and 120 kbps
   for stereophonic signals (applying joint-stereo coding)

   So these are the recommendations. And again, it nicely fits
   into the above mentioned application profile of MPEG audio: with
   medium bitrates, Layer-2 performs satisfying enough; with really
   low bitrates, you need Layer-3.

   The recommendations are based on international listening and
   evaluation tests performed mainly in 1992.

   For contribution and distribution, Layer-2 was the only system
   that fulfilled the requirements.

   For emission, the codecs had to score at least 4.0 on the CCIR
   impairment scale, even for the most critical material. At 128 kbps
   per channel, AC-2, Layer-2 and Layer-3 fulfilled this requirement,
   and Layer-2 got the recommendation mainly because of its
   "commonality with the distribution and contribution application".

   Further tests for emission were performed at 192 kbps joint-stereo
   coding. Layer-3 clearly met the requirements, Layer-2 fulfilled
   them only marginally, with doubts remaining during further tests in
   1993. Result: *no* recommendation for 192 kbps joint-stero.

   For commentary, the quality requirements were for speech
   to be equivalent to 14-bit linear PCM, and for music, some
   perceptible impairments were to be tolerated. In the test in 92
   Layer-3 was by far the only codec that fulfilled these
   requirements (e.g. overall monophonic, it scored 3.6 in contrast to
   Layer-2 at 2.05 - and for male German speech, it scored 4.4 in
   contrast to Layer-2 at 2.4). So there was simply no alternative to
   Layer-3.

   Further tests were conducted in 93 using headphones. They showed
   that Layer-3 with monophonic speech (the test item is German male
   voice) at 60 kbps did not fully meet the quality requirements.

   Layer-2 was not included in these tests as its low bitrate
   performance was clearly too poor right from the start. Therefore,
   the listeners had no "lower anchor" during the listening test (the
   codec that always gets the "1" and "2" scores) - a fact that
   certainly influences the absolute scoring. Funny enough, the
   same speech signal has been tested in some previous sessions
   without complaints...

   The ITU decided to recommend Layer-3 and to include a temporary
   footnote that will be removed as soon as an improved Layer-3 codec
   fulfills their requirements completely, i.e. even with that well-
   known critical male German speech item (for many other speech
   items, Layer-3 has no trouble at all).


Q: OK, a Layer-2 codec at low bitrates may sound poor today, but
   couldn't that be improved in the future? I guess you just told me
   before that the encoder is not fixed in the standard.

A: Good thinking! As the sound quality mainly depends on the encoder
   implementation, it is true that there is no such thing as a "Layer-
   N"- quality. So we definitely only know the performance of the
   reference codecs during the international tests. Who knows what
   will happen in the future? What we do know now, is:

   Today, Layer-3 already provides a sound quality that comes very
   near to CD quality at 64 kbps per channel. Layer-2 is far away
   from that.

   Tomorrow, both Layers may improve. Layer-2 has been designed as a
   trade-off between quality and complexity, so the bitstream format
   allows only limited innovations. In contrast, even the current
   reference Layer-3-codec exploits only a small part of the powerful
   mechanisms inside the Layer-3 bitstream format.


Q: All in all, you sound as if anybody should use Layer-3 for low
   bitrates. Why on earth do some vendors still offer only Layer-2
   equipment for these applications?

A: Well, maybe because they started to design and develop their
   system rather early, e.g. in 1990. As Layer-2 is identical with
   MUSICAM, it has been available since summer of 90, at latest. In
   that year, Layer-3 development started and could be successfully
   finished in spring 92. So, for a certain time, vendors could only
   exploit the existing part of the new MPEG standard.

   Now the situation has changed. All Layers are available, the
   standard is completed, and new systems need not limit themselves,
   but may capitalize on the full features of MPEG audio.


Q: What other topics do I have to keep in mind? Tell me about the
   complexity of Layer-3.

A: Alright. First, we have to separate between decoder and encoder.

   For a stereo Layer-3-decoder, our real-time implementations use
   either one DSP32C (AT&T) or one DSP56002 (Mot). For an ASIC,
   Intermetall (ITT) estimated an overhead of around 30 % chip area
   for adding the necessary Layer-3 modules to a Layer-2-decoder. So
   you need not worry too much about decoder complexity.

   For a stereo Layer-3-encoder achieving reference quality, our
   current real-time implementations use two DSP32C and two DSP56002.
   But again: as more and more horsepower becomes available on one
   chip, the matter of encoder complexity will decrease.


Q: And what about the codec delay?

A: Well, the standard gives some figures of the theoretical minimum
   delay:
   Layer-1: 19 ms (<50 ms)
   Layer-2: 35 ms (100 ms)
   Layer-3: 59 ms (150 ms)
   The practical values are significantly above that. As they depend
   on the implementation, exact figures are hard to give. So the
   figures in brackets are just rough thumb values.

   Yes, for some applications, a very short delay is of critical
   importance. E.g. in a feedback link, a reporter can only talk
   intelligibly if the overall delay is below around 10 ms.
   If broadcasters want to apply MPEG audio coding, they have to use
   "N-1" switches in the studio to overcome this problem (or
   appropriate echo-cancellers) - or they have to forget about MPEG
   at all.

   But with most applications, these figures are small enough to
   present no extra problem. At least, if one can accept a Layer-2
   delay, one can most likely also accept the higher Layer-3 delay.


Q: OK, I am hooked on! Where can I find more technical informations
   about MPEG audio coding, especially about Layer-3?

A: Well, there is a variety of AES papers, e.g.

   K. Brandenburg, G. Stoll, ...: "The ISO/MPEG-Audio Codec: A
   Generic Standard for Coding of High Quality Digital Audio", 92nd
   AES, Vienna 1992, pp.3336

   E. Eberlein, H. Popp, ...: "Layer-3, a Flexible Coding Standard",
   94th AES, Berlin 93, pp.3493

   K. Brandenburg, G. Zimmer, ...: "Variable Data-Rate Recording on a
   PC Using MPEG-Audio Layer-3", 95th AES, New York 93

   B. Grill, J. Herre,... : "Improved MPEG-2 Audio Multi-Channel
   Encoding", 96th AES, Amsterdam 94

   And for further informations, please contact [e-mail]...


3. Layer-3 Products

This is a list of available Layer-3 products - disclosed at 1.1.94.
For further informations, please contact the companies directly.

3.1. Telecommunication Codecs

a) MusicTAXI Type 3
   The MusicTAXI is a real-time audio codec for the full-duplex
   transmission of mono or stereo audio signals via ISDN. It supports
   Layer-2 and -3.
     Dialog 4 System Engineering GmbH
     Monreposstr. 57
     D-71634 Ludwigsburg, Germany
     Fax                     [phone]

b) MAGIC Series
   The Multi Audio-System with Groupable Interfaces and Codecs
   supports Layer-2 and -3 as well as G.722 and G.711. Its
   transmission procedures comply with H.221, H.242 or G.704. The
   codec is a universal device useful in ISDN applications as well as
   in satellite links, LAN or WAN networks or audio memory
   installations.
     PKI Philips Kommunikations Industrie AG
     Thurn-und-Taxis-Str. 14
     D-90411 Nuernberg, Germany
     Fax             [phone]

c) Zephyr Codec
   The Zephyr is a Layer-3 codec for the transmission of mono or
   stereo audio signals via ISDN, Switch-56 or V.35-networks. It also
   offers a G.722 feedback link.
     Telos Systems
     2101 Superior Avenue
     Cleveland, OH 44114, USA
     Fax             [phone]

3.2. Speech Announcement System

a) DAS VIII HiFi
   This digital speech announcement system for mass transit
   applications applies Layer-3 to use the ROM based speech memory
   most efficiently. Moreover, the system offers an unrivalled sound
   quality at a very competitive price.
     Meister Electronic GmbH
     Koelner Str. 57
     D-51149 Koeln, Germany
     Fax                 [phone]

3.3 PC Boards

a) Layer-3 PC Board
   This full-size PC/AT ISA card is a real-time audio processing
   board. It performs two-channel Layer-3 encoding and decoding,
   depending on the software configuration. The board offers digital
   audio interfaces (AES and IEC) and an additional X.21 interface
   for the reduced data stream. The board is delivered with a library
   of C drivers and a demo programm.
     Audio Export Georg Neumann & Co. GmbH
     Badstr. 14
     D-74072 Heilbronn, Germany
     Fax                 [phone]

b) L3-PC-Card
   This PC-Card supports a real-time Layer-3 audio codec. It offers
   digital audio interfaces (AES and IEC) and two additional X.21
   interfaces for one or two reduced data streams. And a decoder-
   only PC card is also available.
     Dialog 4 System Engineering GmbH
     Monreposstr. 57
     D-71634 Ludwigsburg, Germany
     Fax                     [phone]

3.4. ICs

a) ISO-MPEG Decoder Chip MASC 3500
   This MPEG decoder chip offers the use of the full ISO-MPEG-audio
   standard, i.e. Layer-1, -2, and -3. The ASIC is based on the MASC
   DSP family (.8 um) and comes in a small 68 pin PLCC package.
   First samples will be available in 2.Q.94.
     ITT Intermetall GmbH
     Hans-Bunte-Str. 19
     D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
     Fax                     [phone]

3.5. Layer-3 Shareware

The layer 3 shareware is copyright Fraunhofer - IIS 1994

The programms are written for IBM-PCs or Compatibles with MS-Dos.
While L3ENC.EXE and L3DEC.EXE should work on practically any PC, the
other programms require a 386 type CPU plus hardware floating point
support. Especially for the encoder, a 486DX33 or better is
recommended.

On a 486DX2/66 the performance of the software-only decoder is about
33% of the performance necessary for real time audio processing.
The encoder needs about 30 minutes to encode a 1 minute audio data
file. These figures assume coding/decoding of stereo audio material
at 44.1 kHz/sec.

a) via anonymous ftp from fhginfo.fhg.de (153.96.1.4)

You may download our Layer-3 audio software package from the
directory /pub/layer3. You will find the following files:
  layer3.txt    a short description of the files found in layer3.zip
  layer3.zip    encoder, decoder, documentation and a sample bitstream
  layer3nb.txt  a short description of the files found in layer3nb.zip
  layer3nb.zip  encoder, decoder and documentation (no bitstream)
  bitstr.l3     sample bitstream

b) via direct modem download (up to 14.400 bps)

   Modem telephone number  : [phone]           Name: FHG
   Packet switching network: (0) 262 45 9110 10290     Name: FHG
   (For the telephone number, replace "+" with your appropriate
   international dial prefix, e.g. "011" for the USA.)
   Follow the menus as desired.

c) via shipment of diskette (only including registration)

You may order a diskette directly from:

Mailbox System Nuernberg (MSN)
Hanft & Hartmann
Innerer Kleinreuther Weg 21
D-90408 Nuernberg
Germany

Please note: MSN will only ship a diskette if they get paid for the
registration fee before. The registration fee is 85 Deutsche Mark
(plus sales tax, if applicable) for one copy of the package. The
preferred method of payment is via credit card. Currently, they can
accept VISA, Master Card / Eurocard / Access credit cards.

You may reach MSN also via Internet: [e-mail]
                    or via Fax: [phone]
                    or via BBS: [phone]        Name: FHG
                    or via X25: 0262 45 9110 10290     Name: FHG
                    (e.g. in USA, please replace "+" with "011")

d) via email

You may get our shareware also by a direct request to [e-mail].
In this case, the shareware is split into about 30 small uuencoded
parts...

4. End of INFO.TXT